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APPENDIX A - LITTLE WORDS & LITTLE AFFIXES

V-Form

a

or/and (terms¹)

e

and (terms)

i

[ . ] (full stop)

i-

(connective prefix, as in ice)

o

if and only if

u

whether (terms)

-y-

[ - ] (close hyphen within words, as in mekykiu)

C-Form

-n-

(2nd postvocalic hyphen, as in pienruu)

-r-

(1st postvocalic hyphen, as in baormao)

-z-

(acronymic hyphen, as in AzAzA = 'AAA')

VV-Form

ae

Yes, I hope to

ai

Yes, I will

-ai

(Latin u.c. consonants)

ao

Yes, I want to

au

I don't care

ea

Let's/I suggest that

ei

Is that so?

-ei

(Latin l.c. consonants)

eo

Please/May I?

-eo

(Greek l.c. consonants)

eu

Suppose that

ia

Yes, that's true/Certainly

ie

Which/Which of...?

ii

Perhaps

io

Probably

iu

I don't know

oa

I/you must

oe

I/you should

oi

I/you may

ou

It doesn't matter

ua

There! (completion)

ue

Well! (surprise)

ui

Good! (pleasure)

uo

What! (annoyance)

uu

Sorry!/Alas! (sorrow/regret)

CV-Form

ba

something/-one x

be

something/-one y

bi

[ = ] is (identity)

bo

something/-one w

bu

something/-one z

ca

or/and (words²)

ce

and (words)

ci

[ - ] (open hyphen)

-ci

(connective suffix, as in aci)

co

if and only if (words)

cu

whether (words)

da

X    it, he,

de

Y    she,

di

Z    they,

do

W    him, her,

du

Q    them

fa

will/then/after.. (future tense)

fe

[ 5 ] five/five of

-fi

(Greek l.c. vowels, e.g. afi)

-fi

-ly (utterance ordinals, as in nefi = 'firstly')

fo

[ 4 ] four/four of

fu

from/by/for (2nd passive)

ga

(predicate marker)

ge

type of/for a

-ge

(connective suffix, as in age)

gi

(right mark of displaced object(s))

go

of (inversion operator)

gu

(proximal right boundary marker; all clauses)

ha

is how connected to?

he

is what/a what?

hi

[ , ] (close comma)

ho

how many?

hu

who/what?

ja

who/which is (non-restrictive)

je

of/by/to (1st desc. link)

ji

that is (restrictive)

jo

so to speak (metaphorizer)

ju

among/under/via (3rd passive)

ka

either

ke

both

ki

or/and/then

ko

if and only if

ku

whether

la

the one named..

le

the..

li

quote (left mark)

lo

the mass of..

lu

end quote (right mark)

-ma

-00/-/-hundred

-ma

(Latin u.c. vowels, e.g., Ama)

me

(predifier)

mi

I/me

-mo

-000/-/-thousand

mu

we/us (you & I/me)

na

is/now/at.. (present tense)

ne

[ 1 ] a/an/one/one of

ni

[ 0 ] zero/no/none of

no

no/not/non-/It is not the case that..

no-

(connective prefix, as in noa, noca)

nu

-ed/un-/than (1st passive)

nu-

(connective prefix, as in nuu, nucu)

pa

was/then/before.. (past tense)

pe

of (possessive)

pi

[ . ] (decimal point)

po

-ing (events/states)

pu

-ness (properties)

ra

all/each/every

-ra

-some (cardinals)

re

most/most of

ri

several/a few of

-ri

-st/-nd/-rd/-th (ordinals)

ro

many/much of

ru

enough/enough of

sa

almost all/about..

se

[ 7 ] seven/seven of

si

at most/at most one of..

-si

(Latin l.c. vowels, e.g., asi)

so

[ 6 ] six/six of

su

some/some of/at least/at least one of..

ta

that/there

te

[ 3 ] three/three of

ti

this/here

to

[ 2 ] two/two of

tu

you

va

near/there

ve

[ 9 ] nine/nine of

vi

at/in/here

vo

[ 8 ] eight/eight of

vu

far from/away

-za

(as applied to words like pa: medium interval; as applied to words like li: speech)

ze

and jointly

-zi

(as applied to words like pa: short interval; as applied to words like li: text)

zo

amount of

-zu

(long interval)

CVV-Form

bea

for example (used like ui)

beu

Patients/Parts (case tag³)

bia

is part of (used like bi)

bie

is a member of (bi)⁴

biu

it is possible that (ui)

bua

is P/is a P (1st bound predicate variable)

bui

is Q/is a Q (2nd bound predicate variable)

buo

however/on the contrary (ui)

cao

(emphasize next word)

cau

Quantities/Values (tag)

cea

that is/in other words (ui)

ceu

anyway/in any case (ui)

cia

similarly (ui)

cie

[ < ] is less than (bi)

cio

[ > ] is greater than (bi)

ciu

as much as/to the same degree as (used like pa)

coa

in short/summarizing (ui)

coi

according to (pa)

cue

(right mark of a ge-group)

cui

(left mark of a left connectand in word-strings)

dau

it is probable that (ui)

die

darling/dear

dii

for/on behalf of.. (pa)

dio

Destinations/Receivers (case tag)

dou

given/by hypothesis (ui)

dua

is/does the former (the 2nd free predicate variable)

dui

is/does the latter (the 1st free predicate variable)

duo

in manner/by method.. (pa)

fae

and vice versa (ui)

fao

finally/in conclusion (ui)

feu

in fact/actually (ui)

fia

will be..-ing/since/ever since (pa)

fie

friend/comrade

foa

Wholes/Sets (case tag)

fua

will habitually.. (pa)

gao-

(Greek u.c. prefix)

gau

(strong potentiality) (pa)

gea

again/I repeat (ui)

gia

is..-ing; continuous in a time-free sense (pa)

gie

[ [ ] (left close bracket)

giu

[ ] ] (right close bracket)

goa

Greaters (in greater/lesser than relations, case tag)

goi

(right mark of a sentence quantifier)

gua

does..; habitual in a time-free sense (pa)

gue

(right boundary mark for je/jue-phrases only)

gui

(right boundary mark for ji/ja/jiV/jaV-clauses only)

guo

(right boundary mark for lepo-type clauses only)

hea

through../with..'s help (pa)

hie

[ ( ] (left close parenthesis)

hiu

[ ) ] (right close parenthesis)

hoi

Hey!/O..! (vocative mark)

hue

says... (inverse vocative)

jae

who/which is one of (non-restrictive set membership)

jao

such that, incidentally, (non-restrictive clauses)

jie

that is one of (restrictive set membership)

jio

such that (restrictive clauses)

jue

of/by/to (2nd descriptive link)

kae

Sir/Madam

kao

Actors/Agents/Doers (tag)

kia

(delete previous word)

kie

[ ( ] (left open parenthesis)

kii

with/accompanied by.. (pa)

kio

(delete this utterance)

kiu

[ ) ] (right open parenthesis)

kou

because of (cause).. (pa)

kua

[ / ] over/divided by..

kue

[ \ ] under/dividing..

kuo

usually/customarily (ui)

kuu

generally/generalizing (ui)

laa

the unique...(le)

lae

the addressee of.. (indirect designation)

lao

the Linnaean taxon.. (used like la)

lau

the set... (le)

lea

the set of all.. (used like le)

lee

the actual... (le)

leu

the particular set of.. (le)

lia

like/as/in the way that.. (pa)

lie

(strong quotation mark) (used like li)

lii

the letter/sound.. (li)

lio

the number..

liu

the word..(li)

loa

goodbye/farewell

loe

the typical.. (le)

loi

hello/greetings

lue

a/the sign/address of... (inverse of lae)

lui

for/in order to please.. (pa)

mao

Lessers (in greater/lesser than relations, case tag)

mia

X-and-I/me (used like da)

mie

Y-and-I/me (da)

mii

Z-and-I/me (da)

mio

W-and-I/me (da)

miu

Q-and-I/me (da)

moi

because of (motive).. (pa)

mou

as well as/in addition to.. (pa)

mua

X-and-we/us (da)

mue

Y-and-we/us (da)

mui

Z-and-we/us (da)

muo

W-and-we/us (da)

muu

Q-and-we/us (da)

nao

(mark of new para./topic)

nea

[ - ] negative (sign of a negative number)

neu

Conditions/Circumstances/Fields (case tag)

nia

is..-ing/while (pa)

nie

in detail/looking closely (ui)

nio

[ - ] minus/less (sign of subtraction)

noa

only if (used like a)

noe

not..but.. (a)

-noi

(connective suffix, as in anoi, kanoi)

nou

not..whether (terms)

nua

habitually..-s (pa)

nue

Mr/Mrs/Miss

nuu

whether.., .. (terms)

pae

and so forth/etcetera (ui)

pea

[ + ] positive (sign of a positive number)

peu

re/concerning/as for.. (pa)

pia

was..-ing/until (pa)

pio

[ + ] plus/and (sign of addition)

piu

in particular (ui)

pou

Products/Purposes (case tag)

pua

habitually..-ed (pa)

rau

because of (reason).. (pa)

rie

Sire/Madam

rea

clearly/obviously (ui)

saa

roughly/simplifying (ui)

sau

Sources/Reasons/Causes (case tag)

sea

instead of/in place of.. (pa)

sia

thank you

sii

apparently/evidently (ui)

siu

you're welcome

soa

because of (premise).. (pa)

soi

(converts a predicate to an imagined act of the speaker)

sua

to the power.. (math.)

sue

(onomatopoeia)

sui

also/too/moreover/in addition/furthermore (ui)

suu

to the root...

taa

in turn/in sequence (ui)

tao

the former situation (da)

tia

[ * ] times/multiplied by

tie

with.., a tool or means (pa)

tio

the latter situation (da)

toa

the former remark (da)

toe

respectively (ui)

toi

the latter remark (da)

tua

you-and-X (da)

tue

you-and-Y (da)

tui

you-and-Z (da)

tuo

you-and-W (da)

tuu

you-and-Q (da)

vau

skipping details (ui)

veu

Events/States/Effects/Deeds/Means/Routes (tag)

via

throughout.., a medium place (pa)

vii

throughout.., a small place (pa)

viu

throughout.., a large place (pa)

zoa

[ " ] double prime (math.)

zoi

[ ' ] prime (math.)

zou

by the way/incidentally (ui)

zua

(tag of the normally 1st argument, used like dio)

zue

(tag of the normally 2nd argument, used like dio)

zui

(tag of the normally 3rd argument, used like dio)

zuo

(tag of the normally 4th argument, used like dio)

zuu

(tag of the normally 5th argument, used like dio)

In addition, all:

1 Predicate expressions, arguments or modifiers.

2 Predicate words with any close-bound operators.

3 Words with capitalized English translations are optional case tags of the DIO-class.

4 A Loglan word in parentheses means that the definiendum has the same privileges as the parenthetic word.

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